• EVOLUTIONARY MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE FOR GENERAL FAMOUS NUMBERS: STIRLING-EULER-LAH-BELL

    Author(s):
    Leon Chang, Hung-ping Tsao
    Editor(s):
    Lawrence K Wang (see profile)
    Date:
    2021
    Group(s):
    Digital Books
    Subject(s):
    Mathematics
    Item Type:
    Book chapter
    Tag(s):
    Pascal, Stirling, Eulerian, Lah, Bell
    Permanent URL:
    http://dx.doi.org/10.17613/g1bq-gm07
    Abstract:
    We first introduce Pascal, Stirling, Eulerian, Lah and Bell numbers via sorting, then generalize Stirling numbers of both kinds [■(n@k)], {■(n@k)}, Eulerian numbers of two orders 〈■(n@k)〉, 〈〈■(n@k)〉 〉, Lah numbers L(n,k)=∑_(j=1)^n▒[■(n@j)] {■(j@k)} and ∑_(k=0)^(n-1)▒〖2^k 〈■(n@k)〉 〗=∑_(k=1)^n▒(∑_(j-1)^(k+1)▒[■(k+1@j)] ){■(n@k)} , the right-hand side of which is an ordered Bell polynomial, from the natural sequence based to arithmetically progressive sequences based. We further construct two types of arrays with any infinite sequence base A(i): T(n, k | A(i) | u;v), with T(0,0)=1, and u, v each indicating which weight to be used among W(1)=1, W(2)=A(n-1), W(3)=A(k), W(4)=A(n+k-1) +2A(1)-A(2), W(5)=A(n-k+1), W(6)=A(k+2)-2A(1) and W(7)=A(2n-k) in the recursive formula T(n, k)=W(u)T(n-1,k-1)+W(v)T(n-1,k). 1. Stirling: u=1, 0≤k≤n and the initial values T(n, 0)=0 for n > 0. [■(n@k)]_(a;d)=T(n, k | A(i)=a+(i-1)d | 1;2), [■(n@k)]_(1;1)= [■(n@k)], possessing diagonal (Stirling) polynomials; {■(n@k)}_(a;d)=T(n, k | A(i)=a+(i-1)d | 1;3), {■(n@k)}_(1;1)={■(n@k)}, possessing diagonal polynomials; Lad(n, k)=T(n, k | A(i)=a+(i-1)d | 1;4), L11(n, k)=L(n, k), possessing diagonal polynomials. 2. Eulerian: u>1, -1≤k≤n-1 and T(n, 0), n > 0, varies for each array. 〈■(n@k)〉_(a;d)=T(n, k+1 | A(i)=a+(i-1)d | 5;6), T(n, 0)=[A(2)-2A(1)]T(n-1, 0) for n > 0; 〈〈■(n@k)〉 〉_(a;d)=T(n, k+1 | A(i)=a+(i-1)d | 7;6), T(n, 0)=[A(2)-2A(1)]T(n-1, 0) for n > 0. We shall introduce more Eulerian arrays with various initial values T(n, 0) for n > 0 and prove the existence of the general Stirling polynomials. Python programs are used to produce tables for both types of arrays along with difference tables of their diagonals to facilitate the calculation of diagonal polynomials in the case of existence.
    Notes:
    KEYWORDS: Natural sequence, Binomial coefficient, Stirling number, Lah number, Natural sequence, Pascal triangle, Bernoulli coefficient, Arithmetically progressive sequence, Recursive formula, Sorting, Cycle, Subset, Eulerian number, Second generation Stirling numbers, Second generation Eulerian numbers, Stirling polynomial, Diagonal polynomial, q-Gaussian coefficient, Bell number, Ordered Bell polynomial, Python.
    Metadata:
    xml
    Published as:
    Book chapter     Show details
    Publisher:
    Lenox Institute Press, Newtonville, NY, 12128-0405, USA.
    Pub. Date:
    January 2021
    Book Title:
    \"Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM)\"
    Author/Editor:
    Wang, Lawrence K. 王抗曝 and Tsao, Hung-ping 曹恆平 (editors)
    Chapter:
    1
    Page Range:
    1 - 99
    ISBN:
    978-0-9890870-3-2
    Status:
    Published
    Last Updated:
    2 years ago
    License:
    All Rights Reserved
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