• The Betteshanger Summer School: Missing Link between Biodynamic Agriculture and Organic Farming

    Author(s):
    John Paull (see profile)
    Date:
    2011
    Subject(s):
    Agriculture--Sociological aspects, Social sciences, History, Philosophy, Sustainability, Sustainable development
    Item Type:
    Article
    Tag(s):
    Organic farming, Biodynamics, Rudolf Steiner, ideas, Northbourne, Sociology of agriculture, History and philosophy of the human sciences
    Permanent URL:
    http://dx.doi.org/10.17613/fazf-cg89
    Abstract:
    Biodynamic agriculture and organic farming have been regarded as having different provenances and having arisen independently. The present account introduces the ‘missing link’ between the two. In 1938 Ehrenfried Pfeiffer published the milestone book on biodynamics: Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening. In 1940 Lord Northbourne published Look to the Land, the work that introduced the term ‘organic farming’. In the summer of the intervening year, Pfeiffer travelled from Switzerland to Northbourne’s estate in Kent, UK, and presented for British farmers a nine day course on biodynamics, the Betteshanger Summer School and Conference on Bio-Dynamic Farming, 1-9 July 1939. Pfeiffer was supported by the pre-eminent biodynamic scholar-practitioners, Otto Eckstein and Hans Heinze. Dr Scott Williamson of the Peckham Experiment was the sole British lecturer at the Betteshanger Summer School. For the UK Bio-Dynamic Association, the Betteshanger Summer School was the highlight of the year. Northbourne and Pfeiffer had collaborated on the Farleigh Experiment in 1938, and Northbourne had travelled to Switzerland in January 1939 to arrange Pfeiffer’s visit. War broke out less than eight weeks after the Betteshanger Summer School. Northbourne’s manifesto on organic agriculture, Look to the Land, was published in May of the following year. The book took the Steinerian and biodynamic view of ‘the farm as an organism’ as its central tenet and adopted it as the nominative motif for ‘organic’ farming. The book offered to the Anglophone world an account that was secular and distanced from any Anthroposophic or Germanic roots. The Betteshanger Summer School and Conference on biodynamics has been otherwise unreported. As this account demonstrates, Betteshanger was a stepping stone from biodynamics to organics. Northbourne sponsored Pfeiffer’s visit and the Betteshanger biodynamics conference in 1939. The following year he introduced his term ‘organic farming’ in his book Look to the Land.
    Metadata:
    xml
    Published as:
    Journal article     Show details
    Publisher:
    Journal of Organic Systems
    Pub. Date:
    2011
    Journal:
    Journal of Organic Systems
    Volume:
    6
    Issue:
    2
    Page Range:
    13 - 26
    ISSN:
    1177-4258
    Status:
    Published
    Last Updated:
    3 years ago
    License:
    Attribution
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